Little is known about the origin of the city in pre-Islamic times. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times the town and the province were known as “Chach”. The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi also refers to the city as Chach. Later the town came to be known as Chachkand/Chashkand, meaning “Chach City”. (Tash in Turkic languages means stone. Kand, qand, kent, kad, kath, kudall meaning a cityare derived from the Persian/Sogdian kanda, meaning a town or a city. They are found in city names like Samarkand, Yarkand, Penjikent, Khujand etc.). After the 16th century, the name was steadily changed slightly from Chachkand/Chashkand to Tashkand, which, as “stone city”, was more meaningful to the new inhabitants than the old name[citation needed]. The modern spelling of Tashkent reflects Russian orthography. Tashkent started as an oasis on the Chirchik River, near the foothills of the West Tian Shan Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer “capital” of the Kangju confederacy.

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