Battle of Passchendaele

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The Battle of Passchendaele was a campaign of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente armies under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battles were fought for control of the ridge and village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the city of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium.
Much of the fighting took place in unusually wet weather, which turned parts of the battlefield into a sea of mud churned by shell-fire yet at others, particularly in September the weather was hot and dry enough for men to wear shorts. The campaign ended in November when the British army captured Passchendaele village and part of the ridge. The British advance beyond the ridge to Roulers and the linked coastal operation did not take place and the German army managed to avoid a general withdrawal, which had seemed inevitable to them in October. The campaign is controversial; in a German General Staff publication of 1927 Theodor Jochim wrote: “Germany had been brought near to certain destruction (sicheren untergang) by the Flanders battle of 1917.” in contrast, in his memoirs of 1938 Lloyd George wrote, “Passchendaele was indeed one of the greatest disasters of the war…. No soldier of any intelligence now defends this senseless campaign….”. In 2008 J. P. Harris condemned Haig and the offensive, “For the troops taking part, however, some phases of Third Ypres had a quality more nightmarish than anything previously experienced.” and in 2011 G. Sheffield claimed the opposite, quoting General von Kuhl, “The sacrifices that the British made for the Entente were fully justified.”

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